O meu colestrol não baixa, mesmo com medicação

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O meu colestrol não baixa, mesmo com medicação

Os médicos recomendam, cada vez mais, reduzir as taxas de colesterol principalmente nos doentes com elevado risco cardiovascular. Para estes casos, o valor alvo a atingir deve ser cerca de metade do seu valor habitual. Isto inclui os doentes que sofreram acidentes cardiovasculares ou têm, mesmo quando sem sintomas, aterosclerose significativa nas artérias coronárias, carótidas, aorta ou membros inferiores. O tratamento com estatinas, associado ou não a outros fármacos, está também indicado nos doentes diabéticos, com insuficiência renal e nos idosos para prevenir o agravamento das lesões e os acidentes cardiovasculares. Ao contrário do que se recomendava antigamente, os estudos mais recentes mostraram que o tratamento farmacológico após os 75 anos proporcionou uma redução do numero de acidentes cardiovasculares cerca de 7 a 10 vezes superior em relação aos mais novos.

Seguir uma dieta pobre em gorduras e rica em vegetais é difícil para a maioria das pessoas, mesmo quando se pretende atingir apenas os níveis normais de colesterol (200 mg/dl) e quase sempre insuficiente para os níveis mais baixos. Será então inevitável fazer medicação? Cerca de 20 a 30% do colesterol sanguíneo provém da dieta. Não será, pois, surpresa que sem uma dieta pobre em gorduras saturadas (carnes gordas, laticínios e óleos vegetais hidrogenados artificialmente) e/ou gorduras trans (alimentos industrializados fritos ou assados, bolachas, biscoitos, batatas fritas) associada a medicação que vai alterar a síntese hepática do colesterol, não se atinjam os valores alvo indicados para as situações de maior risco: redução de 50% dos valores de colesterol LDL e/ou valores de LDL iguais ou inferiores a 55 mg/dl. Como vimos, a maior parte do colesterol (70 a 80%) é sintetizado no fígado e não provém da dieta. Por outro lado, sabemos agora que alguns indivíduos são portadores de alterações genéticas que podem originar resistência parcial às estatinas. É o caso dos indivíduos com valores anormalmente elevados de Lipoproteina (a), mais conhecida por Lp pequeno a ou, simplesmente, Lp(a). A prevalência de valores elevados de  Lp(a) (> 50 mg/dL) na população é de 20%.

Proteinas transportadores de colesterol – lipoproteina de baixa densidade (LDL) e lipoproteina (a)(Lp(a))

Daí que a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomende a medição dos níveis de Lp(a) pelo menos uma vez na vida. O valor de colesterol LDL referido pelo laboratório inclui o colesterol presente tanto na lipoproteína de baixa densidade, o LDL-colesterol, quanto na Lp(a), o Lp(a)-colesterol. O Lp(a)-colesterol pode corresponder a 30%–45% da concentração de Lp(a), o que poderá ser significativo e explicar o insucesso da medicação/dieta nas situações em que os valores de Lp(a) estão muito elevados, já que as estatinas não actuam sobre a Lp(a). Se tem consciência que cumpre bem a dieta e a medicação e mesmo assim não consegue atingir os objectivos esperados, aconselhe-se com o seu médico pois vai ser necessário rever a dieta e ajustar a medicação. Existem hoje, felizmente, várias formas de ultrapassar esta dificuldade.

Prof Ovídio Costa.
Cardiologista. Professor da FMUP.

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